[js/webgpu] Optimize convtranspose

[qjia7]

Description

BUG #23273

With this change, I see the convTranspose time in that bug becomes ~7s from ~90s on my Meteor Lake.

This PR does below things:

1. Use stride to update the increasement in the loop.
   In the bug, the stride is 1024, which can greatly reduce the loop times.
2. Support components for A to reduce the memory access times.
3. When output channels is 1, the b components can be same with A to further reduce the memory access times.

[qjia7]

@guschmue @fs-eire Please take a look, thanks.

[guschmue]

/azp run ONNX Runtime Web CI Pipeline,Windows GPU CI Pipeline,Linux Android Emulator QNN CI Pipeline

[guschmue]

/azp run Linux CPU CI Pipeline,Linux CPU Minimal Build E2E CI Pipeline,Linux GPU CI Pipeline,Linux GPU TensorRT CI Pipeline,Linux OpenVINO CI Pipeline,Linux QNN CI Pipeline,MacOS CI Pipeline,Windows ARM64 QNN CI Pipeline,Windows CPU CI Pipeline

[azure-pipelines]

Azure Pipelines successfully started running 1 pipeline(s).

[guschmue]

/azp run Windows GPU TensorRT CI Pipeline,onnxruntime-binary-size-checks-ci-pipeline,orttraining-linux-ci-pipeline,orttraining-linux-gpu-ci-pipeline,orttraining-ortmodule-distributed,Windows x64 QNN CI Pipeline,Big Models

[azure-pipelines]

Azure Pipelines could not run because the pipeline triggers exclude this branch/path.

[guschmue]

/azp run Windows GPU CUDA CI Pipeline,Windows GPU DML CI Pipeline,Windows GPU Doc Gen CI Pipeline

[azure-pipelines]

Azure Pipelines successfully started running 1 pipeline(s).

[azure-pipelines]

Azure Pipelines could not run because the pipeline triggers exclude this branch/path.